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''Shen Bao'', formerly transliterated as ''Shun Pao'' or ''Shen-pao'' (), known in English as ''Shanghai News'', was a newspaper published from April 30, 1872 to May 27, 1949 in Shanghai, China. The name is short for ''Shenjiang Xinbao'', Shenjiang being a short form of Chunshen Jiang, the old name for the Huangpu River.〔Endymion Wilkinson, ''Chinese History: A Manual, Revised and Enlarged'' (Harvard University Asia Center, 2000: ISBN 0-674-00249-0), p. 967.〕 The influence of the newspaper in early 20th century Shanghai was such that ''Shen Bao zhi'', literally "Shen-pao paper", became a generic term for newspaper or newsprint.〔蔣遵和 (Jiang Zunhe), ''(“拿張申報紙來”是什麼意思 ) (What does "bring a sheet of Shen Pao paper mean"?), Shanghai Municipal Archives (re-published by EastDay).〕 == History == Founded by Ernest Major (1841–1908),〔Dates from Roberta Wue, "The Profits of Philanthropy: Relief Aid, Shenbao, and the Art World in Later 19th-century Shanghai," ''Late Imperial China'' 25 (June 2004), pp. 187-211.〕 a British businessman, in 1872, ''Shen Bao'' was one of the first modern Chinese newspapers. (When Major returned to England in 1889, the newspaper was reorganized as Major Company Limited.〔Chinese History Research Site at UCSD, (Miscellaneous Sources ).〕)
''Shen Bao'' played a pivotal role in the formation of public opinion in the late 19th century. An example is its campaign in its first years against the new practice of employing young women as waitress in opium dens, which "blurred the demarcation line between acceptable and unacceptable practices by putting waitresses in the ambiguous position of implicitly providing sex services in the opium dens. Worse still, the opium dens embracing this practice were mostly located in the French Concession, connecting the issue to the presence of foreigners in Shanghai."〔Zhou, ''Historicizing Online Politics'', p. 50.〕 As a result of the uproar, the practice was banned (although in practice not eradicated). The newspaper "innovated in printing technology, the use of the telegraph, the employment of a military correspondent (sent to cover the Sino-French War in Vietnam in 1884), and the use of the vernacular (''baihua'')";〔Wilkinson, ''Chinese History'', p. 967.〕 it quickly established a reputation as one of the best in China, coming under Chinese ownership in 1909,〔Wilkinson, ''Chinese History'', p. 968.〕 and by the early 20th century was printing 30,000 copies a day, 9,000 circulated in Shanghai and the rest elsewhere in China.〔Mary Ninde Gamewell, ''New Life Currents in China'' (Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 1919), pp. 162-163.〕 "By the early 1920s its circulation was 50,000; by the end of the decade 100,000; and by the mid 1930s, 150,000."〔Wilkinson, ''Chinese History'', p. 995.〕 The paper's offices were in the International Settlement, "about a block away from the Central Police Station."〔Harriet Sergeant, ''Shanghai: Collision Point of Cultures 1918-1939'' (Crown, 1991: ISBN 0-517-57025-4), p. 162.〕 In its early period, it had eight pages, with news, essays, and advertisements as well as imperial decrees and memorials. "Because the editorial policies followed the principle of 'reporting whatever possible and letting the readers determine the truth,' many interesting but unfounded rumors were often included as news." After 1905, it increased its size to 20 pages.〔(Chinese History Research Site at UCSD ), Miscellaneous Sources.〕 It was founded as a commercial newspaper, and politically it remained conservative for its first three decades, supporting the Qing government. In 1905 it began to change its orientation, quoting Liang Qichao's constitutionalist slogans on New Year's Day; in 1907 it was sold to Xi Zipei (1867–1929),〔Dates from Ellen Widmer, "(The Saoye shanfang of Suzhou and Shanghai: An Evolution in Five Stages )" (document ); Xi's name in Chinese is 希子佩.〕 its former comprador, who "owned Shanghai's best-capitalized publishing operation, Zhongguo tushu gongsi (Chinese Library Company)"〔Christopher A. Reed, ''Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876-1937'' (University of Hawaii Press, 2004: ISBN 0-8248-2833-X), p. 174.〕 and was under the influence of Zhang Jian, and it became a moderately liberal newspaper that strongly supported the constitutional movement.〔Mary Clabaugh Wright, ''China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913'' (Yale University Press, 1971: ISBN 0-300-01460-0), p. 157.〕 "It had the following sections: editorials, international news, domestical news, local news, industry and trade, law and society, sports and education, literature and art, and advertisements. In addition to reporting important political news stories, it had many special columns and supplements such as ''ziyou tan'' (free discussion), automobile, education and life."〔(Chinese History Research Site at UCSD ), Miscellaneous Sources.〕 In 1912 control was transferred to Shi Liangcai. "In the 1930s, Shi was a strong supporter of the Human Rights Defence Alliance established by Madam Soong Qing Ling, the second wife of revolutionary leader Dr Sun Yat-sen, with Cai Yuanpei and Lu Xun."〔Patsy Yang and Jolin Ng, "(Cheers for favorite old bars and some newbies in Tongren Road )," ''Shanghai Daily'', July 13, 2009.〕 In 1934, the newspaper "incurred the government's anger because of its strong anti-Japanese attitude. On November 13, Shih Liang-ts'ai, its owner and editor-in-chief, was mysteriously assassinated on the Shanghai-Hangchow Highway";〔Lee-hsia Hsu Ting, Government Control of the Press in Modern China, 1900-1949 (Harvard University Asia Center, 1975: ISBN 0-674-35820-1), p. 97.〕 responsibility for his murder has been laid at the feet of the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics, Chiang Kai-shek's much-feared secret police.〔John K. Fairbank and Albert Feuerwerker, eds., ''The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13: Republican China 1912-1949, Part 2'' (Cambridge University Press, 1986: ISBN 0-521-24338-6), p. 144.〕〔Frederic E. Wakeman, ''Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service'' (University of California Press, 2003: ISBN 0-520-23407-3), pp. 179ff.〕 In 1938, with the city under Japanese control, Norwood Francis Allman (1893–1987), an American lawyer who had been U.S. Consul in Shanghai in the early 1920s, was asked by the paper's Chinese owners to take over as editor; ''Time'' wrote in 1940: "A fluent Chinese linguist, Allman reads every story that goes into Shun Pao, writes editorials, corrects editorials written by staff members. He serves without pay."〔''Time'', "(Foreign News: New Order in Shanghai )," July 29, 1940.〕 The paper was on bad terms with the Japanese, and in 1940 a Chinese assistant editor was killed and his head left on the street as a warning to journalists.〔Paul French, ''Carl Crow, a Tough Old China Hand: The Life, Times, and Adventures of an American in Shanghai'' (Hong Kong University Press, 2007: ISBN 962-209-802-9), p. 212.〕 During World War II the paper passed into the hands of collaborators with the Japanese occupation, but after the war Pan Gongzhan, an influential Kuomintang party official who had been an editor on the paper in the late 1920s,〔Xiaoqun Xu, ''Chinese Professionals and the Republican State: The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai, 1912-1937'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001: ISBN 0-521-78071-3), p. 171.〕 became its publisher and Chen Shunyü its chief editor. In May 1949, when the People's Liberation Army took Shanghai, the newspaper was shut down. There is a complete collection of the paper's issues in the Shanghai Library.〔Min Wu, "(Newspapers in the Shanghai Library )," ''International Newspaper Librarianship for the 21st Century'', p. 173.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shen Bao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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